Impact of eV-mass sterile neutrinos on neutrino-driven supernova outflows

TL;DR

This study investigates how eV-mass sterile neutrinos influence neutrino-driven supernova outflows across different post-bounce times, revealing complex flavor oscillation effects that can alter conditions for heavy-element synthesis.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of active-sterile neutrino oscillations in supernovae considering neutrino-neutrino refraction effects at multiple stages of evolution.

Findings

Complete nu_e-nu_s swap in early phase due to MSW effect.

Neutrino self-interactions suppress MSW conversions in late phase.

Sterile neutrinos can reduce electron fraction, affecting heavy-element formation.

Abstract

Motivated by recent hints for sterile neutrinos from the reactor anomaly, we study active-sterile conversions in a three-flavor scenario (2 active + 1 sterile families) for three different representative times during the neutrino-cooling evolution of the proto-neutron star born in an electron-capture supernova. In our "early model" (0.5 s post bounce), the nu_e-nu_s MSW effect driven by Delta m^2=2.35 eV^2 is dominated by ordinary matter and leads to a complete nu_e-nu_s swap with little or no trace of collective flavor oscillations. In our "intermediate" (2.9 s p.b.) and "late models" (6.5 s p.b.), neutrinos themselves significantly modify the nu_e-nu_s matter effect, and, in particular in the late model, nu-nu refraction strongly reduces the matter effect, largely suppressing the overall nu_e-nu_s MSW conversion. This phenomenon has not been reported in previous studies of active-sterile supernova neutrino oscillations. We always include the feedback effect on the electron fraction Y_e due to neutrino oscillations. In all examples, Y_e is reduced and therefore the presence of sterile neutrinos can affect the conditions for heavy-element formation in the supernova ejecta, even if probably not enabling the r-process in the investigated outflows of an electron-capture supernova. The impact of neutrino-neutrino refraction is strong but complicated, leaving open the possibility that with a more complete treatment, or for other supernova models, active-sterile neutrino oscillations could generate conditions suitable for the r-process.