First order $0/\pi $ quantum phase transition in the Kondo regime of a superconducting carbon nanotube quantum dot

TL;DR

This paper investigates a first order quantum phase transition between 0 and π Josephson junction states in a superconducting carbon nanotube quantum dot, driven by the interplay of Kondo effect and superconductivity.

Contribution

It demonstrates the occurrence of a first order 0/π quantum phase transition at fixed valence due to competition between superconducting gap and Kondo temperature in a nanotube quantum dot.

Findings

Observation of a first order 0 to π transition in the Kondo regime.

Detection of anharmonic current-phase relation behavior.

Confirmation of the spin singlet nature of the Kondo ground state.

Abstract

We study a carbon nanotube quantum dot embedded into a SQUID loop in order to investigate the competition of strong electron correlations with proximity effect. Depending whether local pairing or local magnetism prevails, a superconducting quantum dot will respectively exhibit positive or negative supercurrent, referred to as a 0 or $\pi$ Josephson junction. In the regime of strong Coulomb blockade, the 0 to $\pi$ transition is typically controlled by a change in the discrete charge state of the dot, from even to odd. In contrast, at larger tunneling amplitude the Kondo effect develops for an odd charge (magnetic) dot in the normal state, and quenches magnetism. In this situation, we find that a first order 0 to $\pi$ quantum phase transition can be triggered at fixed valence when superconductivity is brought in, due to the competition of the superconducting gap and the Kondo temperature. The SQUID geometry together with the tunability of our device allows the exploration of the associated phase diagram predicted by recent theories. We also report on the observation of anharmonic behavior of the current-phase relation in the transition regime, that we associate with the two different accessible superconducting states. Our results ultimately reveal the spin singlet nature of the Kondo ground state, which is the key process in allowing the stability of the 0-phase far from the mixed valence regime.