Exploration of SFPR techniques for astrometry and observations of weak sources with high frequency Space VLBI

TL;DR

This paper investigates the use of source frequency phase referencing (SFPR) in space VLBI to improve high-frequency astrometry and weak source detection, demonstrating its robustness against orbit errors and atmospheric conditions.

Contribution

It introduces and evaluates SFPR techniques for space VLBI, showing their advantages over conventional phase referencing for high-frequency astrometry and weak source observations.

Findings

SFPR enables accurate 43 GHz astrometry with orbit errors.

SFPR increases coherence time for weak source detection.

Simultaneous dual-frequency observations enhance performance.

Abstract

Space Very-Long-Baseline-Interferometry (S-VLBI) observations at high frequencies hold the prospect of achieving the highest angular resolutions and astrometric accuracies, resulting from the long baselines between ground and satellite telescopes. Nevertheless, space-specific issues, such as limited accuracy in the satellite orbit reconstruction and constraints on the satellite antenna pointing operations, limit the application of conventional phase referencing. We investigate the feasibility of an alternative technique, source frequency phase referencing (SFPR), to the S-VLBI domain. With these investigations we aim to contribute to the design of the next-generation of S-VLBI missions. We have used both analytical and simulation studies to characterize the performance of SFPR in S-VLBI observations, applied to astrometry and increased coherence time, and compared these to results obtained using conventional phase referencing. The observing configurations use the specifications of the ASTRO-G mission for their starting point. Our results show that the SFPR technique enables astrometry at 43 GHz, using alternating observations with 22 GHz, regardless of the orbit errors, for most weathers and under a wide variety of conditions. The same applies to the increased coherence time for the detection of weak sources. Our studies show that the capability to carry out simultaneous dual frequency observations enables the application to higher frequencies, and a general improvement of the performance in all cases, hence we recommend its consideration for S-VLBI programs.