Unveiling the gas kinematics at 10 AU scales in high-mass star-forming regions (Milliarcsecond structure of 6.7 GHz methanol masers)

TL;DR

This study investigates the milliarcsecond structure and gas kinematics of 6.7 GHz methanol masers in high-mass star-forming regions, revealing stable, ordered velocity gradients indicative of organized motions like outflow, infall, and rotation at very small scales.

Contribution

It provides high-velocity resolution VLBI observations that demonstrate persistent, ordered velocity gradients in methanol masers, linking large-scale motions to very small scales in star-forming regions.

Findings

Masers show ordered linear or arc-like distributions.

Velocity gradients are stable over several years.

Gradients align with proper motion vectors, indicating organized motions.

Abstract

This work presents a study of the milliarcsecond structure of the 6.7 GHz methanol masers at high-velocity resolution (0.09 km s^(-1)) in four high-mass star-forming regions: G16.59-0.05, G23.01-0.41, IRAS20126+4104, and AFGL5142. We studied these sources by means of multi-epoch VLBI observations in the 22 GHz water and 6.7 GHz methanol masers, to determine the 3-D gas kinematics within a few thousand AU from the (proto)star. The present work exploits the 6.7 GHz maser data collected so far to investigate the milliarcsecond structure of this maser emission at high-velocity resolution. Most of the detected 6.7 GHz maser features present an ordered (linear, or arc-like) distribution of maser spots on the plane of the sky, together with a regular variation in the spot LSR velocity (V_LSR) with position. Typical values for the amplitude of the V_LSR gradients (defined in terms of the derivative of the spot V_LSR with position) are found to be 0.1-0.2 km s^(-1) mas^(-1). In each of the four target sources, the orientation and the amplitude of most of the feature V_LSR gradients remain remarkably stable in time, on timescales of (at least) several years. We also find that the data are consistent with having the V_LSR gradients and proper motion vectors in the same direction on the sky, considered the measurement uncertainties. The time persistency, the ordered angular and spatial distribution, and the orientation generally similar to the proper motions, altogether suggest a kinematical interpretation for the origin of the 6.7 GHz maser V_LSR gradients. This work shows that the organized motions (outflow, infall, and rotation) revealed by the (22 GHz water and 6.7 GHz methanol) masers on large scales (~100-1000 AU) also persist to very small (~10 AU) scales.