LOFAR: Detecting Cosmic Rays with a Radio Telescope

TL;DR

LOFAR is a distributed radio telescope array designed to detect cosmic ray air showers through broadband radio pulses, enabling detailed studies of radio emission mechanisms and particle identification.

Contribution

This paper presents the design, hardware, and initial observations of LOFAR's cosmic ray detection capabilities, demonstrating its potential for detailed air shower analysis.

Findings

Successful detection of cosmic-ray-induced radio pulses.

Detailed studies of radio signal distribution in air showers.

Potential for primary particle identification using radio data.

Abstract

LOFAR (the Low Frequency Array), a distributed digital radio telescope with stations in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, is designed to enable full-sky monitoring of transient radio sources. These capabilities are ideal for the detection of broadband radio pulses generated in cosmic ray air showers. The core of LOFAR consists of 24 stations within 4 square kilometers, and each station contains 96 low-band antennas and 48 high-band antennas. This dense instrumentation will allow detailed studies of the lateral distribution of the radio signal in a frequency range of 10-250 MHz. Such studies are key to understanding the various radio emission mechanisms within the air shower, as well as for determining the potential of the radio technique for primary particle identification. We present the status of the LOFAR cosmic ray program, including the station design and hardware, the triggering and filtering schemes, and our initial observations of cosmic-ray-induced radio pulses.