Mid-infrared properties of nearby low-luminosity AGN at high angular resolution

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution mid-infrared imaging to investigate low-luminosity active galactic nuclei, finding evidence supporting the presence of dusty tori and extending MIR-X-ray correlations to lower luminosities, with implications for understanding AGN structures.

Contribution

It provides the first high-resolution MIR observations of a sizable sample of LLAGN, confirming the dusty torus presence and extending MIR-X-ray correlations to lower luminosities.

Findings

Detected MIR emission in 7 out of 17 LLAGN.

Extended MIR-X-ray correlation down to luminosities < 10^41 erg/s.

Maximum star formation contamination is less than 30% for most LLAGN.

Abstract

High spatial resolution mid-infrared (MIR) 12 \mum continuum imaging of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGN) obtained by VLT/VISIR is presented. The goal of this investigation is to determine if the nuclear MIR emission of LLAGN is consistent with the existence of a dusty obscuring torus. A sample of 17 nearby LLAGN was selected and combined with archival VISIR data of 9 additional LLAGN with available X-ray measurements. Of the 17 observed LLAGN, 7 are detected, while upper limits are derived for the 10 non-detections. All detections except NGC 3125 appear point-like on a spatial scale of \sim 0.35". The detections do not significantly deviate from the known MIR-X-ray correlation but extend it by a factor of \sim 10 down to luminosities < 10^41 erg/s with a narrow scatter. The latter is dominated by the uncertainties in the X-ray luminosity. Interestingly, a similar correlation with comparable slope but with a normalization differing by \sim 2.6 orders of magnitude has been found for local starburst galaxies. In addition, the VISIR data are compared with lower spatial resolution data from Spitzer/IRS and IRAS. By using a scaled starburst template SED and the PAH 11.3 \mum emission line the maximum nuclear star formation contamination to the VISIR photometry is restricted to < 30% for 75% of the LLAGN. Exceptions are NGC 1097 and NGC 1566, which may possess unresolved strong PAH emission. Furthermore, within the uncertainties the MIR-X-ray luminosity ratio is unchanged over more than 4 orders of magnitude in accretion rate. These results are consistent with the existence of the dusty torus in all observed LLAGN, although the jet or accretion disk as origin of the MIR emission cannot be excluded. Finally, the fact that the MIR-X-ray correlation holds for all LLAGN and Seyferts makes it a very useful empirical tool for converting between the MIR and X-ray powers of these nuclei.