TL;DR
This paper develops a covariant formalism for photon localization in spacetime, generalizing the NewtonWigner basis, and explores measurement setups with space and time-resolved photon detectors from different observer perspectives.
Contribution
It introduces a relativistic biorthonormal basis for photon localization on arbitrary spacetime hyperplanes, extending previous non-covariant approaches.
Findings
Covariant formalism for photon localization established
Different observer perspectives lead to rotated detector arrays in spacetime
Spacelike and timelike measurement setups remain fundamentally distinct
Abstract
The NewtonWigner basis of orthonormal localized states is generalized to orthonormal and relativistic biorthonormal bases on an arbitrary hyperplane in spacetime. This covariant formalism is applied to the measurement of photon location using a hypothetical 3D array with pixels throughout space turned on at a fixed time and a timelike 2D photon counting array detector with good time resolution. A moving observer will see these detector arrays as rotated in spacetime but the spacelike and timelike experiments remain distinct.
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