Measurements of the Time Structure of Hadronic Showers in a Scintillator-Tungsten HCAL

TL;DR

This paper presents the first detailed measurements of the time structure of hadronic showers in a scintillator-tungsten calorimeter, crucial for high-precision timing in future collider experiments like CLIC.

Contribution

It introduces the T3B timing experiment and provides experimental data on the time structure of hadronic showers in a tungsten scintillator calorimeter, validated against Geant4 simulations.

Findings

Measured the time distribution of signals in a tungsten scintillator calorimeter.

Compared experimental data with Geant4 simulations for validation.

Demonstrated the importance of timing information for calorimeter performance.

Abstract

For calorimeter applications requiring precise time stamping, the time structure of hadronic showers in the detector is a crucial issue. This applies in particular to detector concepts for CLIC, where a hadronic calorimeter with tungsten absorbers is being considered to achieve a high level of shower containment while satisfying strict space constraints. The high hadronic background from gamma gamma to hadrons processes at 3 TeV in combination with the 2 GHz bunch crossing frequency at CLIC requires good time stamping in the detectors. To provide first measurements of the time structure in a highly granular scintillator-tungsten calorimeter, T3B, a dedicated timing experiment, was installed behind the last layer of the CALICE WHCAL prototype, a 30 layer tungsten scintillator calorimeter. T3B consists of 15 small scintillator cells with embedded silicon photomultipliers, read out with fast digitizers over a time window of 2.4 us, and provides detailed measurements of the time structure of the signal. The offline data reconstruction performs an automatic gain calibration using noise events recorded between physics triggers and allows the determination of the arrival time of each photon at the photon sensor. The T3B setup, its calibration and data reconstruction, as well as first results of the time structure of the calorimeter response for 10 GeV pions recorded at the CERN PS confronted with Geant4 simulations using different physics lists are discussed.