Constraining High Speed Winds in Exoplanet Atmospheres Through Observations of Anomalous Doppler Shifts During Transit

TL;DR

This study models high-altitude winds in hot Jupiter atmospheres and predicts their Doppler shifts during transit, providing insights into atmospheric dynamics and magnetic interactions, and comparing results with observational data.

Contribution

It introduces a coupled 3-D atmospheric and transmission spectrum model to predict Doppler shifts caused by winds, considering magnetic drag effects, and explores methods to measure wind speeds at different altitudes.

Findings

Models without magnetic drag predict ~2 km/s blue shifts.

Higher magnetic drag reduces Doppler shifts to ~1 km/s.

Results are consistent with previous observational measurements.

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3-D) dynamical models of hot Jupiter atmospheres predict very strong wind speeds. For tidally locked hot Jupiters, winds at high altitude in the planet's atmosphere advect heat from the day side to the cooler night side of the planet. Net wind speeds on the order of 1-10 km/s directed towards the night side of the planet are predicted at mbar pressures, which is the approximate pressure level probed by transmission spectroscopy. These winds should result in an observed blue shift of spectral lines in transmission on the order of the wind speed. Indeed, Snellen et al. (2010) recently observed a 2 +/- 1 km/s blue shift of CO transmission features for HD 209458b, which has been interpreted as a detection of the day-to-night winds that have been predicted by 3-D atmospheric dynamics modeling. Here we present the results of a coupled 3-D atmospheric dynamics and transmission spectrum model, which predicts the Doppler-shifted spectrum of a hot Jupiter during transit resulting from winds in the planet's atmosphere. We explore four different models for the hot Jupiter atmosphere using different prescriptions for atmospheric drag via interaction with planetary magnetic fields. We find that models with no magnetic drag produce net Doppler blue shifts in the transmission spectrum of ~2 km/s and that lower Doppler shifts of ~1 km/s are found for the higher drag cases, results consistent with -- but not yet strongly constrained by -- the Snellen et al. (2010) measurement. We additionally explore the possibility of recovering the average terminator wind speed as a function of altitude by measuring Doppler shifts of individual spectral lines and spatially resolving wind speeds across the leading and trailing terminators during ingress and egress.