Anomalous Flyby in the Non-Prefered Reference Frame of the Rotating Earth

TL;DR

This paper investigates the Doppler frequency residuals caused by Earth's rotation and a non-prefered reference frame, but finds the effect too small to explain observed spacecraft flyby anomalies.

Contribution

It derives a new formula for Doppler residuals considering Earth's rotation and non-prefered reference frames, extending previous models.

Findings

Doppler residuals depend on spacecraft velocity and observer position.

The derived residuals are similar to experimental formulas but too small to explain anomalies.

Transformations replaced by differentials to refine the model.

Abstract

Several spacecrafts show an anomalous flyby. In a previous paper a non-prefered reference frame is studied moving uniformly relative to the prefered one. In this article the Doppler frequency residual is derived. The prefered reference frame is given by the isotropy of the CMB and the non-prefered one is the Earth. The resulting jump is much too small to explain the measured anomalous flybys of the different spacecrafts. Therefore, the transformations from the prefered frame to the non-prefered frame are replaced by the corresponding total differentials. A formula for the Doppler frequency residual is derived. It is applied to the prefered frame of the Earth and the non-prefered frame of the rotating Earth. The resulting Doppler residual depends on the direction of the velocity of the spacecraft and the position of the observer on the rotating Earth. It is similar to the experimental formula of Anderson et al. which is independent of the position of the observer.