Cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes. I. mass function at 0<z<2

TL;DR

This study derives the evolution of supermassive black hole mass functions from redshift 0 to 2 using galaxy luminosity data, revealing cosmic downsizing and consistent local universe measurements.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive SMBH mass function evolution from z=0 to 2, incorporating galaxy evolution factors and the SMBH-spheroid mass relation.

Findings

Upper end of SMBH mass function remains constant since z≈2

Lower mass black hole density evolves strongly over time

Results agree with independent local universe measurements

Abstract

We present the mass function of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) over the redshift range z=0-2, using the latest deep luminosity and mass functions of field galaxies to constrain the masses of their spheroids, which we relate to SMBH mass through the empirical correlation between SMBH and spheroid mass (the M_bh-M_sph relation). In ddition to luminosity fading of the stellar content of the spheroids, we carefully consider the variation of the bulge-to-total luminosity ratio of the galaxy populations and the M_bh/M_sph ratio, which, according to numerous recent studies, evolves rapidly with redshift. The SMBH mass functions derived from the galaxy luminosity and mass functions show very good agreement, both in shape and in normalization. The resultant SMBH mass function and integrated mass density for the local epoch (z~0) match well those derived independently by other studies. Consistent with other evidence for cosmic downsizing, the upper end of the mass function remains roughly constant since $z\approx2$, while the space density of lower mass black holes undergoes strong evolution. We carefully assess the impact of various sources of uncertainties on our calculations. A companion paper uses the mass function derived in this work to determine the radiative efficiency of black hole accretion and constraints that can be imposed on the cosmological evolution of black hole spin.