X-ray spectroscopy of the Compton-thick Seyfert 2 ESO 138-G1

TL;DR

This study analyzes XMM-Newton X-ray data of ESO 138-G1, revealing a heavily obscured, Compton-thick Seyfert 2 galaxy with a reflection-dominated spectrum and strong Fe Kalpha emission, indicating a very high column density.

Contribution

First detailed X-ray spectral analysis of ESO 138-G1 confirming its Compton-thick nature with evidence of a pure reflection spectrum and high column density.

Findings

Evidence of a Compton-thick obscuration with N_H > 10^25 cm^-2

Detection of a strong Fe Kalpha emission line (~800 eV EW)

Spectral modeling supports a reflection-dominated, heavily obscured nucleus.

Abstract

We report on our analysis of XMM-Newton observations of the Seyfert 2 galaxy ESO 138-G1 (z = 0.0091). These data reveal a complex spectrum in both its soft and hard portions. The 0.5-2 keV band is characterized by a strong 'soft-excess' component with several emission lines, as commonly observed in other narrow-line AGN. Above 3 keV, a power-law fit yields a very flat slope (Gamma ~0.35), along with the presence of a prominent line-like emission feature around ~6.4 keV. This indicates heavy obscuration along the line of sight to the nucleus. We find an excellent fit to the 3-10 keV continuum with a pure reflection model, which provides strong evidence of a Compton-thick screen, preventing direct detection of the intrinsic nuclear X-ray emission. Although a model consisting of a power law transmitted through an absorber with Nh ~2.5 x 10^{23} cm^-2 also provides a reasonable fit to the hard X-ray data, the equivalent width value of ~800 eV measured for the Fe Kalpha emission line is inconsistent with a primary continuum obscured by a Compton-thin column density. Furthermore, the ratio of 2-10 keV to de-reddened [OIII] fluxes for ESO 138-G1 agrees with the typical values reported for well-studied Compton-thick Seyfert galaxies. Finally, we also note that the upper limits to the 15-150 keV flux provided by Swift/BAT and INTEGRAL/IBIS seem to rule out the presence of a transmitted component of the nuclear continuum even in this very hard X-ray band, hence imply that the column density of the absorber could be as high as 10^{25} cm^-2. This makes ESO 138-G1 a very interesting, heavy Compton-thick AGN candidate for the next X-ray missions with spectroscopic and imaging capabilities above 10 keV.