New results in $t$-tone coloring of graphs

TL;DR

This paper advances the understanding of $t$-tone coloring in graphs by confirming conjectures for specific degrees, establishing new bounds for the $t$-tone chromatic number, and analyzing its behavior in trees.

Contribution

It proves conjectures for $ au_2(G)$ when maximum degree is at most 3, introduces a new upper bound for $ au_2(G)$, and provides bounds for $ au_t(G)$ in terms of maximum degree and in trees.

Findings

Confirmed $ au_2(G) \,\le\, 2\Delta(G) + 2$ for $\,\Delta(G) \le 3$.

Established $ au_2(G) \,\le\, \lceil(2 + \sqrt{2})\Delta(G)\rceil$ for general graphs.

Proved $ au_t(G) \,\le\, (t^2+t)\Delta(G)$ for all $t$, and bounds for trees in terms of $\,\sqrt{\Delta(T)}$.

Abstract

A $t$-tone $k$-coloring of $G$ assigns to each vertex of $G$ a set of $t$ colors from $\{1,..., k\}$ so that vertices at distance $d$ share fewer than $d$ common colors. The {\it $t$-tone chromatic number} of $G$, denoted $\tau_t(G)$, is the minimum $k$ such that $G$ has a $t$-tone $k$-coloring. Bickle and Phillips showed that always $\tau_2(G) \le [\Delta(G)]^2 + \Delta(G)$, but conjectured that in fact $\tau_2(G) \le 2\Delta(G) + 2$; we confirm this conjecture when $\Delta(G) \le 3$ and also show that always $\tau_2(G) \le \ceil{(2 + \sqrt{2})\Delta(G)}$. For general $t$ we prove that $\tau_t(G) \le (t^2+t)\Delta(G)$. Finally, for each $t\ge 2$ we show that there exist constants $c_1$ and $c_2$ such that for every tree $T$ we have $c_1 \sqrt{\Delta(T)} \le \tau_t(T) \le c_2\sqrt{\Delta(T)}$.