Critical Star-Formation Rates for Reionization: Full Reionization occurs at z = 7

TL;DR

This paper estimates the redshift of full reionization at z=7 using a new simulator and simulations, highlighting the star-formation rate needed and implications for 21-cm signals and cosmic microwave background observations.

Contribution

It introduces a new online reionization simulator and combines simulations to refine the critical star-formation rate and reionization timeline at high redshift.

Findings

Reionization likely completed at z=7.

The required star-formation rate density is quantified.

Predicted 21-cm signals occur at 124-167 MHz.

Abstract

We assess the probable redshift (z_rei ~ 7) for full reionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM) using a prescription for the co-moving star-formation-rate (SFR) density (rho_SFR) required to maintain photoionization against recombination. Our newly developed on-line reionization simulator allows users to assess the required SFR and ionization histories, using a variety of assumptions for galactic and stellar populations, IGM clumping factor and temperature, and LyC escape fraction. The decline in high-redshift galaxy candidates and Lya emitters at z = 6-8 suggests a rising neutral fraction, with reionization at z > 7 increasingly difficult owing to increased recombination rates and constraints from the ionizing background and LyC mean free path. The required rate is rho_SFR = (0.018 M_sun/yr/Mpc^3) [(1+z)/8]^3 (C_H/3)(0.2/f_esc) T_4^(-0.845) scaled to fiducial values of clumping factor C_H = 3, escape fraction f_esc = 0.2, electron temperature T_e = 10^4 K, and low-metallicity initial mass functions (IMF) and stellar atmospheres. Our hydrodynamical + N-body simulations find a mean clumping factor C_H = (2.9)[(1+z)/6]^-1.1 in the photoionized, photoheated filaments at z = 5-9. The critical SFR could be reduced by increasing the minimum stellar mass, invoking a top-heavy IMF, or systematically increasing f_esc at high z. The CMB optical depth, tau_e = 0.088 +/- 0.015, can be explained by full reionization, producing tau_e = 0.050 back to z_rei = 7, augmented by Delta-tau_e = 0.01-0.04 in a UV/X-ray partially ionized IGM at z > 7. In this scenario, the strongest 21-cm signal should occur at redshifted frequencies 124-167 MHz owing to IGM heating over an interval Delta z ~ 3 from z = 7.5-10.5.