The Concept of Temperature in the Modern Physics

TL;DR

This paper reviews the classical and modern concepts of temperature across different physical systems, emphasizing the conditions for its definition and exploring its applications in condensed matter and nanoscale physics.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of temperature, including classical, spin, and non-extensive systems, highlighting the importance of conditions for its proper definition.

Findings

Clarifies conditions necessary for defining temperature in macroscopic systems

Reviews the concept of spin temperature in condensed matter physics

Discusses temperature in nanoscale and non-extensive systems

Abstract

The physical quantity "temperature" is a cornerstone of thermodynamics and statistical physics. But it is necessary to mention that very frequently the scientists forget about the conditions to be satisfied in order to introduce "temperature" in macroscopic physics. In the present paper the short introduction to the classical concept of temperature for macroscopic equilibrium systems will be given. The concept of "spin temperature" in condensed matter physics will be reviewed and the advantages of thermodynamic approach to the problems of magnetism will be illustrated. Finally, the concept of temperature will be discussed regarding the nanoscale physics and non-extensive systems.