Bifurcations in Boolean Networks

TL;DR

This paper explores the dynamics of bi-threshold Boolean networks, revealing how their attractor structures change with update schemes and threshold differences, including bifurcations leading to long periodic orbits.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of bi-threshold functions in Boolean networks and characterizes their attractor structures under different update schemes and threshold differences.

Findings

Synchronous bi-threshold systems only have fixed points and 2-cycles.

Asynchronous systems exhibit bifurcations at threshold difference =2.

Long periodic orbits can occur when   2.

Abstract

This paper characterizes the attractor structure of synchronous and asynchronous Boolean networks induced by bi-threshold functions. Bi-threshold functions are generalizations of classical threshold functions and have separate threshold values for the transitions 0 -> 1 (up-threshold) and 1 -> 0 (down-threshold). We show that synchronous bi-threshold systems may, just like standard threshold systems, only have fixed points and 2-cycles as attractors. Asynchronous bi-threshold systems (fixed permutation update sequence), on the other hand, undergo a bifurcation: when the difference \Delta of the down- and up-threshold is less than 2 they only have fixed points as limit sets. However, for \Delta >= 2 they may have long periodic orbits. The limiting case of \Delta = 2 is identified using a potential function argument. Finally, we present a series of results on the dynamics of bi-threshold systems for families of graph classes.