What can the detection of a single pair of circles-in-the-sky tell us about the geometry and topology of the Universe ?

TL;DR

This paper investigates how detecting a single pair of matching circles in the cosmic microwave background can reveal the universe's geometry and topology, especially in the case of a flat universe, reducing search complexity.

Contribution

It demonstrates that a single pair of circles can determine the universe's geometry and topology, significantly reducing the parameter space for searches in flat universes.

Findings

Detection of one circle pair can distinguish flat from curved universes.

In flat universes, topology can be inferred from a single circle pair.

Search parameter space is reduced from six to five dimensions.

Abstract

In a Universe with a detectable nontrivial spatial topology the last scattering surface contains pairs of matching circles with the same distribution of temperature fluctuations --- the so-called circles-in-the-sky. Searches undertaken for nearly antipodal pairs of such circles in cosmic microwave background maps have so far been unsuccessful. Previously we had shown that the negative outcome of such searches, if confirmed, should in principle be sufficient to exclude a detectable non-trivial spatial topology for most observers in very nearly flat ($0<\mid\Omega_{\text{tot}}-1\mid \lesssim10^{-5}$) (curved) universes. More recently, however, we have shown that this picture is fundamentally changed if the universe turns out to be {\it exactly} flat. In this case there are many potential pairs of circles with large deviations from antipodicity that have not yet been probed by existing searches. Here we study under what conditions the detection of a single pair of circles-in-the-sky can be used to uniquely specify the topology and the geometry of the spatial section of the Universe. We show that from the detection of a \emph{single} pair of matching circles one can infer whether the spatial geometry is flat or not, and if so we show how to determine the topology (apart from one case) of the Universe using this information. An important additional outcome of our results is that the dimensionality of the circles-in-the-sky parameter space that needs to be spanned in searches for matching pair of circles is reduced from six to five degrees of freedom, with a significant reduction in the necessary computational time.