Lema\^itre and Hubble: What was discovered - if any - in 1927-29?

TL;DR

The paper argues that Lemaître and Hubble's early observations of galaxy motions in the late 1920s may have been the first evidence of dark energy, predating its formal discovery.

Contribution

It proposes that the linear galaxy velocity-distance relation observed by Lemaître and Hubble was an early manifestation of dark energy, challenging traditional timelines of its discovery.

Findings

Lemaître and Hubble observed linear velocity-distance relation in 1927-29.

This relation may be the first observational evidence of dark energy.

Dark energy could have been detected indirectly through local galaxy flows.

Abstract

The Big Bang predicted theoretically by Friedmann could not be discovered in the 1920th, since global cosmological distances (more than 300-1000 Mpc) were not available for observations at that time. In 1927-29, Lema\^itre and Hubble studied receding motions of galaxies at local distances of less than 20-30 Mpc and found that the motions followed the (nearly) linear velocity-distance relation, known now as Hubble's law. For decades, the real nature of this phenomenon has remained a mystery, in Sandage's words. After the discovery of dark energy, it was suggested that the dynamics of local expansion flows is dominated by omnipresent dark energy, and it is the dark energy antigravity that is able to introduce the linear velocity-distance relation to the flows. It implies that Hubble's law observed at local distances was in fact the first observational manifestation of dark energy. If this is the case, the commonly accepted criteria of scientific discovery lead to the conclusion: In 1927, Lema\^itre discovered dark energy and Hubble confirmed this in 1929.