Activity-Brightness Correlations for the Sun and Sun-like Stars

TL;DR

This study investigates how solar features influence irradiance variability across different spectral ranges, revealing correlations between spectral line and continuum variability over solar cycles, with implications for understanding Sun-like stars.

Contribution

It models solar bolometric flux variability as a combination of continuum and spectral line contributions, linking solar and stellar photometric variability patterns.

Findings

Continuum photometric sums are negatively correlated with solar activity.

Spectral line sum is positively correlated with solar activity.

Solar irradiance variability can be modeled linearly using continuum and spectral line data.

Abstract

We analyze the effect of solar features on the variability of the solar irradiance in three different spectral ranges. Our study is based on two solar-cycles' worth of full-disk photometric images from the San Fernando Observatory, obtained with red, blue and Ca II K-line filters. For each image we measure the photometric sum, Sigma, which is the relative contribution of solar features to the disk-integrated intensity of the image. The photometric sums in the red and blue continuum, Sigma_r and Sigma_b, exhibit similar temporal patterns: they are negatively correlated with solar activity, with strong short-term variability and weak solar-cycle variability. However, the Ca II K-line photometric sum, Sigma_K, is positively correlated with solar activity and has strong variations on solar-cycle timescales. We show that we can model the variability of the Sun's bolometric flux as a linear combination of Sigma_r and Sigma_K. We infer that, over solar-cycle timescales, the variability of the Sun's bolometric irradiance is directly correlated with spectral line variability, but inversely correlated with continuum variability. Our blue and red continuum filters are quite similar to the Str\"omgren b and y filters used to measure stellar photometric variability. We conclude that active stars whose visible continuum brightness varies inversely with activity, as measured by the Ca HK index, are displaying a pattern that is similar to that of the Sun, i.e. radiative variability in the visible continuum that is spot-dominated.