Analysis of Gamma Rays and Cosmic Muons with a Single Detector

TL;DR

This paper describes the construction, upgrade, and calibration of a detector capable of measuring gamma rays and cosmic muons, demonstrating its effectiveness through experiments involving radioactive sources and atmospheric muon flux.

Contribution

We developed a highly efficient, dual-purpose gamma-ray and cosmic muon detector with improved electronics and mechanics, enabling detailed radiation and cosmic ray measurements.

Findings

Coincidence counts consistent across various angles

Counts decreased with increased distance from source

Cosmic muon flux measured at different sky orientations

Abstract

We report on the construction and upgrade of a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Cosmic Muons Detector. We modify the electronics and mechanics to achieve a highly efficient gamma-ray and cosmic-ray detector. Each detector module uses a one-inch-thick scintillator, attached to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and mounted on a solid aluminum frame. The detector uses scintillation to transform passing radiation into detectable photons that are guided toward a photocathode surface of the PMT, triggering the release of photoelectrons that are then amplified to yield measurable electronic signals. The modules were connected to an electronics section that compared the signals from the two PMTs and logically determined if they were coincidence events. A data-collection device was added for faster and prolonged count rates. A cobalt-60, which produced two gamma rays and a beta particle has been used as a calibration source. To investigate the isotropic behavior of radiation, two detection modules were adjusted to different angles of rotation with respect to each other, and the coincidence counts were measured. The coincidence counts from the modules set at various angles were consistent throughout the angular spectrum, and only lead shielding visibly reduced the number of counts from the radioactive source. The inverse-square-law behavior of radiation has also been considered. The results were such that the number of counts decreased as a function of increasing distance from the source. Furthermore, positioning the detector to point toward the sky in different orientations, we measured cosmic ray muon flux as the angle from the vertical was decreased. In doing so, we scanned different patches of the atmosphere. For the optimum operation during the detection phase, we plateaued both PMTs to single out their best operating gain voltage while eliminating false background noise signals.