Range of outward migration and influence of the disc's mass on the migration of giant planet cores

TL;DR

This study uses 3D radiation hydrodynamical simulations to explore how the mass of protoplanetary discs influences the outward migration of giant planet cores, revealing conditions that allow planets to grow without rapid inward movement.

Contribution

It extends previous work by analyzing the effect of varying disc masses on planetary migration, highlighting the role of convection and disc structure in migration behavior.

Findings

Outward migration occurs within specific radial ranges for 20-30 Earth mass planets.

Higher disc masses induce convection, altering disc structure and migration patterns.

A zero-torque distance exists where planetary embryos can grow without rapid inward migration.

Abstract

The migration of planets plays an important role in the early planet-formation process. An important problem has been that standard migration theories predict very rapid inward migration, which poses problems for population synthesis models. However, it has been shown recently that low-mass planets (20-30 Earth Masses) that are still embedded in the protoplanetary disc can migrate outwards under certain conditions. Simulations have been performed mostly for planets at given radii for a particular disc model. Here, we plan to extend previous work and consider different masses of the disc to quantify the influence of the physical disc conditions on planetary migration. We perform three-dimensional (3D) radiation hydrodynamical simulations of embedded planets in protoplanteary discs. For planets on circular orbits at various locations we measure the radial dependece of the torques. For all considered planet masses (20-30 Earth masses) in this study we find outward migration within a limited radial range of the disc, typically from about 0.5 up to 1.5-2.5 a_Jup. Inside and outside this intervall, migration is inward and given by the Lindblad value for large radii. Because outward migration stops at a certain location in the disc, there exists a zero-torque distance for planetary embryos, where they can continue to grow without moving too fast. For higher disc masses (M_disc > 0.02 M_Sol) convection ensues, which changes the structure of the disc and therefore the torque on the planet as well. Outward migration stops at different points in the disc for different planetary masses, resulting in a quite extended region where the formation of larger cores might be easier. In higher mass discs, convection changes the disc's structure resulting in fluctuations in the surface density, which influence the torque acting on the planet, and therefore its migration rate.