The Creation and Propagation of Radiation: Fields Inside and Outside of Sources

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel algorithm for calculating electromagnetic fields from finite current sources that avoids differential calculus, revealing new insights into radiation, energy transfer, and educational problem sets.

Contribution

A new algorithm for electromagnetic field computation that simplifies calculations by eliminating derivatives, applicable to arbitrary current variations and educational contexts.

Findings

Solutions are free of differential calculus, involving only currents and their integrals.

For slow current changes, solutions match classic magnetic dipole radiation expressions.

Fast current turn-on results in radiated energy equal to static magnetic energy.

Abstract

We present a new algorithm for computing the electromagnetic fields of currents inside and outside of finite current sources, for arbitrary time variations in the currents. Unexpectedly, we find that our solutions for these fields are free of the concepts of differential calculus, in that our solutions only involve the currents and their time integrals, and do not involve the time derivatives of the currents. As examples, we give the solutions for two configurations of current: a planar solenoid and a rotating spherical shell carrying a uniform charge density. For slow time variations in the currents, we show that our general solutions reduce to the standard expressions for the fields in classic magnetic dipole radiation. In the limit of extremely fast turn-on of the currents, we show that for our general solutions the amount of energy radiated is exactly equal to the magnetic energy stored in the static fields a long time after current creation. We give three associated problem statements which can be used in courses at the undergraduate level, and one problem statement suitable for courses at the graduate level. These problems are of physical interest because: (1) they show that current systems of finite extent can radiate even during time intervals when the currents are constant; (2) they explicitly display transit time delays across a source associated with its finite dimensions; and (3) they allow students to see directly the origin of the reaction forces for time-varying systems