Fourier Transform Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy: the possibility to obtain constant energy maps and the band dispersion using a local measurement

TL;DR

This paper reviews Fourier Transform Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (FT-STS), demonstrating how it can be used to analyze electronic properties, band structure, and constant energy maps of two-dimensional materials through local measurements and theoretical modeling.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of FT-STS, combining experimental results with theoretical models like JDOS and T-matrix approximation to interpret standing wave patterns in 2D systems.

Findings

FT-STS can determine constant energy map topology from FT of dI/dV images.

Theoretical models like JDOS and T-matrix explain FT map features.

Application to graphene shows the technique's effectiveness in band structure analysis.

Abstract

We present here an overview of the Fourier Transform Scanning Tunneling spectroscopy technique (FT-STS). This technique allows one to probe the electronic properties of a two-dimensional system by analyzing the standing waves formed in the vicinity of defects. We review both the experimental and theoretical aspects of this approach, basing our analysis on some of our previous results, as well as on other results described in the literature. We explain how the topology of the constant energy maps can be deduced from the FT of dI/dV map images which exhibit standing waves patterns. We show that not only the position of the features observed in the FT maps, but also their shape can be explained using different theoretical models of different levels of approximation. Thus, starting with the classical and well known expression of the Lindhard susceptibility which describes the screening of electron in a free electron gas, we show that from the momentum dependence of the susceptibility we can deduce the topology of the constant energy maps in a joint density of states approximation (JDOS). We describe how some of the specific features predicted by the JDOS are (or are not) observed experimentally in the FT maps. The role of the phase factors which are neglected in the rough JDOS approximation is described using the stationary phase conditions. We present also the technique of the T-matrix approximation, which takes into account accurately these phase factors. This technique has been successfully applied to normal metals, as well as to systems with more complicated constant energy contours. We present results recently obtained on graphene systems which demonstrate the power of this technique, and the usefulness of local measurements for determining the band structure, the map of the Fermi energy and the constant-energy maps.