Observation of the Cosmic Ray Moon shadowing effect with the ARGO-YBJ experiment

TL;DR

This paper reports the high-significance observation of the cosmic ray Moon shadow by the ARGO-YBJ experiment, using it to evaluate detector performance, energy scale, and pointing accuracy through detailed simulations.

Contribution

It provides the first high-statistics measurement of the Moon shadow at multi-TeV energies with ARGO-YBJ, including analysis of geomagnetic effects and detector resolution.

Findings

Observed Moon shadow with 70 sigma significance

Validated detector point spread function through shape analysis

Assessed geomagnetic bending effects on shadow displacement

Abstract

Cosmic rays are hampered by the Moon and a deficit in its direction is expected (the so-called \emph{Moon shadow}). The Moon shadow is an important tool to determine the performance of an air shower array. In fact, the displacement of the shadow center, due to the bending effect of the Geomagnetic field on the propagation of cosmic rays, allows to set the energy scale of the primary particles inducing the showers observed by the detector. The shape of the shadow permits to determine the detector point spread function. The position of the deficit at high energy allows evaluating its pointing accuracy. Here we present the observation of the cosmic ray Moon shadowing effect carried out by the ARGO-YBJ experiment (Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Tibet, P.R. China, 4300 m a.s.l., 606 g/cm$^2$) in the multi-TeV energy region with high statistical significance (70 standard deviations). By means of an accurate Monte Carlo simulation of the cosmic rays propagation in the Earth-Moon system we have studied the role of the Geomagnetic field and of the detector point spread function on the observed shadow.