Birth, evolution and death of stellar clusters

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in understanding star cluster physics, addressing fundamental questions about their formation, evolution, and the implications for galaxy development, leveraging new data and theoretical insights.

Contribution

It synthesizes recent theoretical and observational progress, highlighting how emerging data and models are advancing knowledge of star cluster formation and evolution.

Findings

Insights into the initial mass function of stars

Understanding of cluster formation in different galaxy types

Identification of key observables for distinguishing formation scenarios

Abstract

Using our recently improved understanding of star cluster physics, we are now within reach of answering a number of fundamental questions in contemporary astrophysics. Star cluster physics has immediate bearing on questions ranging from the physical basis of the stellar initial mass function - Do any O-type stars form in isolation? What is the relative importance of stochastic (random) star formation versus competitive accretion? - to the build-up of the most massive clusters - Does the cluster mass function differ in different types of galaxies? How and why do the most massive star clusters form in small dwarf galaxies and what does that imply for the build-up of larger cluster samples? What are the main observables one could (or should) use to try and distinguish among the various star- and cluster-formation scenarios? Newly emerging theoretical insights, novel high-quality observational data and the advent of the next generation of observational facilities offer significant promise to reach satisfactory and robust answers to the key outstanding questions in this field.