The Eddington factor as the key to understand the winds of the most massive stars. Evidence for a Gamma-dependence of Wolf-Rayet type mass loss

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the mass loss in the most massive stars, especially Wolf-Rayet types, is primarily governed by their proximity to the Eddington limit, with a strong Gamma-dependence influencing their evolution and end states.

Contribution

It provides observational evidence linking Wolf-Rayet star mass loss to the Eddington parameter Gamma_e and proposes that Wolf-Rayet stages are characterized by high Eddington factors rather than surface composition.

Findings

Mass loss in Wolf-Rayet stars correlates with Gamma_e.

WNh stars are very massive, hydrogen-burning stars.

Gamma-dependent mass loss influences black hole and gamma-ray burst formation.

Abstract

The most massive stars are thought to be hydrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet stars of late spectral subtype (WNh stars). In previous theoretical studies the enhanced mass loss of these stars has been attributed to their proximity to the Eddington limit. Here we investigate observed trends in the mass-loss properties of such young, very massive stars. We derive theoretical mass-luminosity relations for very massive stars, based on a large grid of stellar structure models. Using these relations, we estimate Eddington factors for a sample of stars, under different assumptions of their evolutionary status. We evaluate the resulting mass-loss relations, and compare them with theoretical predictions. We find observational evidence that the mass loss in the WR regime is dominated by the Eddington parameter Gamma_e, which has important consequences for the way we understand Wolf-Rayet stars and their mass loss. In addition, we derive wind masses that support the picture that the WNh stars in young stellar clusters are very massive, hydrogen-burning stars. Our findings suggest that the proximity to the Eddington limit is the physical reason for the onset of Wolf-Rayet type mass loss. This means that, e.g. in stellar evolution models, the Wolf-Rayet stage should be identified by large Eddington parameters, instead of a helium-enriched surface composition. The latter is most likely only a consequence of strong mass loss, in combination with internal mixing. For very massive stars, the enhanced Gamma-dependent mass loss is responsible for the formation of late WNh subtypes with high hydrogen surface abundances, partly close to solar. Because mass loss dominates the evolution of very massive stars, we expect a strong impact of this effect on their end products, in particular on the potential formation of black holes, and Gamma-Ray Bursts, as well as the observed upper mass limit of stars.