Nucleation of liquid droplets in a fluid with competing interactions

TL;DR

This study uses density functional theory to analyze how competing attractive and repulsive interactions in a colloidal fluid influence nucleation, revealing that even weak long-range repulsion significantly lowers the free energy barrier for droplet formation.

Contribution

Introduces a method employing a fictitious external potential to calculate droplet profiles and free energy, highlighting the impact of long-range repulsion on nucleation behavior.

Findings

Long-range repulsive interactions lower the nucleation free energy barrier.

Decay of droplet density profiles varies from monotonic to oscillatory with repulsion.

Weak long-range repulsion promotes formation of modulated structures like clusters.

Abstract

Using a simple density functional theory (DFT) we determine the height of the free energy barrier for forming a droplet of the liquid phase from the metastable gas phase for a model colloidal fluid exhibiting competing interactions. The pair potential has a hard core of diameter {\sigma}, is attractive Yukawa at intermediate separations, and is repulsive Yukawa at large separations. We find that even a very weak long-range repulsive tail in the pair potential has a profound effect on nucleation: increasing the amplitude of the repulsive Yukawa tail reduces significantly the free energy barrier height and therefore increases the liquid droplet nucleation rate. The method we introduce for calculating the droplet density profile and free energy employs a fictitious external potential to stabilize a liquid droplet of the desired size, i.e. with a given excess number of particles. For the critical droplet, corresponding to an extremum of the grand potential, this fictitious potential is everywhere zero. We examine the decay of the droplet density profiles into the bulk gas. For a range of nucleation state points the DFT predicts exponentially damped, long wavelength oscillatory decay for systems exhibiting long-range repulsion, contrasting sharply with the monotonic decay found when the pair potential has only an attractive Yukawa piece. The changes in nucleation properties that we find for small amplitudes of the repulsive Yukawa tail reflect the propensity of the fluid to form modulated structures such as clusters or stripes.