Formation of stars and planets: the role of magnetic fields

TL;DR

This paper reviews the role of magnetic fields in star and planet formation, focusing on how magnetic processes influence angular momentum transport, disc dynamics, and the potential for planet formation in weakly ionized protostellar discs.

Contribution

It evaluates the viability of magnetic coupling and magnetically-driven processes in protostellar discs despite weak ionization, highlighting their importance in star and planet formation.

Findings

Magnetic fields can couple to gas in protostellar discs over a wide range of radii.

Magnetorotational instability (MRI) and outflows are key mechanisms for angular momentum transport.

Magnetic processes likely influence disc structure and planet formation capabilities.

Abstract

Star formation is thought to be triggered by gravitational collapse of the dense cores of molecular clouds. Angular momentum conservation during the collapse results in the progressive increase of the centrifugal force, which eventually halts the inflow of material and leads to the development of a central mass surrounded by a disc. In the presence of an angular momentum transport mechanism, mass accretion onto the central object proceeds through this disc, and it is believed that this is how stars typically gain most of their mass. However, the mechanisms responsible for this transport of angular momentum are not well understood. Although the gravitational field of a companion star or even gravitational instabilities (particularly in massive discs) may play a role, the most general mechanisms are turbulence viscosity driven by the magnetorotational instability (MRI), and outflows accelerated centrifugally from the surfaces of the disc. Both processes are powered by the action of magnetic fields and are, in turn, likely to strongly affect the structure, dynamics, evolutionary path and planet-forming capabilities of their host discs. The weak ionisation of protostellar discs, however, may prevent the magnetic field from effectively coupling to the gas and shear and driving these processes. Here I examine the viability and properties of these magnetically-driven processes in protostellar discs. The results indicate that, despite the weak ionisation, the magnetic field is able to couple to the gas and shear for fluid conditions thought to be satisfied over a wide range of radii in these discs.