TL;DR
This paper explores how to constrain the universe's spatial curvature without relying on the Friedmann equation, using stellar evolution data to suggest a large curvature radius.
Contribution
It introduces a method to set limits on spatial curvature independently of the Friedmann relation, based on observational expansion history data.
Findings
Curvature radius exceeds the Hubble distance.
Constraints are derived without assuming the Friedmann equation.
Abstract
We discuss limits on cosmological spatial curvature that can be derived without imposing the geometry-density relation required by the Friedmann equation. In particular, studies of the expansion history using stellar evolution in passive galaxies imply a curvature radius greater than the Hubble distance.
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