Scaling the effect of the dipolar interactions on the ZFC/FC curves of random nanoparticle assemblies

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how the effects of dipolar interactions on ZFC/FC curves of magnetic nanoparticle assemblies can be universally scaled using a dimensionless parameter, revealing consistent trends across different particle types.

Contribution

It introduces a scaling method based on a dimensionless parameter c_0 to describe dipolar interaction effects on ZFC/FC curves in nanoparticle systems.

Findings

Dipolar interactions significantly influence ZFC/FC curves.

Scaling by c/c_0 reveals universal behavior across particle types.

Monte Carlo simulations support the proposed scaling law.

Abstract

Zero Field Cooling (ZFC) and Field Cooling (FC) protocols are commonly used to investigate the properties of magnetic nanoparticle systems. For non-interacting conditions the particle properties are fairly well correlated with the shape of the ZFC/FC curves. However, that is not the case when significant dipolar interparticle interactions (DII) are present, what frequently occurs in experimental samples (e.g. aggregates in biological systems; or the dried powder often used for the ZFC/FC measurements). The purpose of this work is to show how the influence of the DII on the ZFC/FC curves, computed by the volume sample concentration c, can be described in a general way if scaled by the dimensionless parameter c_0 = 2K/M_S^2; where K and M_S are the anisotropy and saturation magnetization constants of the particles, respectively. This scaling parameter, which is straightforwardly derived from the energy equation governing the system, has an analogous meaning to the normalization of the external magnetic field H by the anisotropy field of the particles, H_A = 2K/M_S. We use a Monte Carlo technique to show how apparently different T_B vs. c curves of various particles types (where T_B is the blocking temperature), follow the same trend if scaling c/c_0.