Fair and optimistic quantum contract signing

TL;DR

This paper introduces a quantum contract signing protocol that ensures fairness and security without third-party communication, leveraging quantum mechanics to prevent cheating and applicable with current technology.

Contribution

It presents a novel quantum protocol for contract signing that is fair, abuse-free, scalable, and feasible with existing quantum communication devices.

Findings

Cheating probability scales as N^{-1/2}

Protocol remains fair despite noise and errors

Can be implemented with BB84-like apparatus

Abstract

We present a fair and optimistic quantum contract signing protocol between two clients that requires no communication with the third trusted party during the exchange phase. We discuss its fairness and show that it is possible to design such a protocol for which the probability of a dishonest client to cheat becomes negligible, and scales as N^{-1/2}, where N is the number of messages exchanged between the clients. Our protocol is not based on the exchange of signed messages: its fairness is based on the laws of quantum mechanics. Thus, it is abuse-free, and the clients do not have to generate new keys for each message during the Exchange phase. We discuss a real-life scenario when the measurement errors and qubit state corruption due to noisy channels occur and argue that for real, good enough measurement apparatus and transmission channels, our protocol would still be fair. Our protocol could be implemented by today's technology, as it requires in essence the same type of apparatus as the one needed for BB84 cryptographic protocol. Finally, we briefly discuss two alternative versions of the protocol, one that uses only two states (based on B92 protocol) and the other that uses entangled pairs, and show that it is possible to generalize our protocol to an arbitrary number of clients.