The Carbon Content of Intergalactic Gas at z=4.25 and its Evolution Toward z=2.4

TL;DR

This study measures the evolution of carbon abundance in intergalactic gas from redshift 4.25 to 2.4, revealing a modest increase over 1.3 billion years and implications for cosmic metal enrichment.

Contribution

It provides ionization-corrected measurements of intergalactic carbon at high redshift and introduces a framework for analyzing UV background fluctuations affecting abundance estimates.

Findings

Median carbon abundance at z~4.25 is [C/H]=-3.55.

Approximately 50% of IGM heavy elements at z~2.4 were deposited since z~4.3.

Carbon flux into the Lyman alpha forest accounts for about 30% of known star formation yields.

Abstract

This paper presents ionization-corrected measurements of the carbon abundance in intergalactic gas at 4.0 < z < 4.5, using spectra of three bright quasars obtained with the MIKE spectrograph on Magellan. By measuring the CIV strength in a sample of 131 discrete HI-selected quasar absorbers with \rho/\bar{\rho}>1.6, we derive a median carbon abundance of [C/H]=-3.55, with lognormal scatter of approximately ~0.8 dex. This median value is a factor of two to three lower than similar measurements made at z~2.4 using CIV and OVI. The strength of evolution is modestly dependent on the choice of UV background spectrum used to make ionization corrections, although our detection of an abundance evolution is generally robust with respect to this model uncertainty. We present a framework for analyzing the effects of spatial fluctuations in the UV ionizing background at frequencies relevant for CIV production. We also explore the effects of reduced flux between 3-4 Rydbergs (as from HeII Lyman series absorption) on our abundance estimates. At HeII line absorption levels similar to published estimates the effects are very small, although a larger optical depth could reduce the strength of the abundance evolution. Our results imply that ~50% of the heavy elements seen in the IGM at z~2.4 were deposited in the 1.3 Gyr between z~4.3 and z~2.4. The total implied mass flux of carbon into the Lyman alpha forest would constitute ~30% of the IMF-weighted carbon yield from known star forming populations over this period.