What is dust? - Physical foundations of the averaging problem in cosmology

TL;DR

This paper reviews the physical foundations of averaging in inhomogeneous cosmologies, examining concepts like spatial homogeneity, backreaction, and observational implications to better understand cosmic evolution.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of different averaging methods and their physical interpretations in cosmology, highlighting unresolved questions and observational perspectives.

Findings

Different notions of average spatial homogeneity are compared.

The interpretation of the timescape scenario is analyzed.

Outstanding questions in cosmological averaging are discussed.

Abstract

The problems of coarse-graining and averaging of inhomogeneous cosmologies, and their backreaction on average cosmic evolution, are reviewed from a physical viewpoint. A particular focus is placed on comparing different notions of average spatial homogeneity, and on the interpretation of observational results. Among the physical questions we consider are: the nature of an average Copernican principle, the role of Mach's principle, the issue of quasilocal gravitational energy and the different roles of spacetime, spatial and null cone averages. The observational interpretation of the timescape scenario is compared to other approaches to cosmological averaging, and outstanding questions are discussed.