Discovery of an Ultrasoft X-ray Transient Source in the 2XMM Catalog: a Tidal Disruption Event Candidate

TL;DR

A newly discovered ultrasoft X-ray transient in galaxy IC 4765-f01-1504 exhibits properties consistent with a tidal disruption event, showing significant variability, thermal disk emission, and spectral evolution indicative of a supermassive black hole disruption.

Contribution

This paper reports the first detection of an ultrasoft X-ray transient consistent with a tidal disruption event candidate, with detailed spectral and variability analysis.

Findings

X-ray flux increased by a factor of 9 over 211 days

Spectra dominated by thermal disk emission with a temperature of tens of eV

Luminosity follows the L∝T^4 relation, estimating black hole mass of 10^5-10^6 M_sun

Abstract

We have discovered an ultrasoft X-ray transient source, 2XMMi J184725.1-631724, which was detected serendipitously in two XMM-Newton observations in the direction of the center of the galaxy IC 4765-f01-1504 at a redshift of 0.0353. These two observations were separated by 211 days, with the 0.2-10 keV absorbed flux increasing by a factor of about 9. Their spectra are best described by a model dominated by a thermal disk or a single-temperature blackbody component (contributing >80% of the flux) plus a weak power-law component. The thermal emission has a temperature of a few tens of eV, and the weak power-law component has a photon index of ~3.5. Similar to the black hole X-ray binaries in the thermal state, our source exhibits an accretion disk whose luminosity appears to follow the $L\propto T^4$ relation. This would indicate that the black hole mass is about 10^5-10^6 M_sun using the best-fitting inner disk radius. Both XMM-Newton observations show variability of about 21% on timescales of hours, which can be explained as due to fast variations in the mass accretion rate. The source was not detected by ROSAT in an observation in 1992, indicating a variability factor of >64 over longer timescales. The source was not detected again in X-rays in a Swift observation in 2011 February, implying a flux decrease by a factor of >12 since the last XMM-Newton observation. The transient nature, in addition to the extreme softness of the X-ray spectra and the inactivity of the galaxy implied by the lack of strong optical emission lines, makes it a candidate tidal disruption event. If this is the case, the first XMM-Newton observation would have been in the rising phase, and the second one in the decay phase.