TL;DR
The paper proposes a new phase of matter called Quarkyonic Matter in the QCD phase diagram, characterized by confinement at high densities and large number of colors, forming a distinct 'Happy Island' region.
Contribution
It introduces the concept of Quarkyonic Matter as a novel phase in QCD, expanding the understanding of the phase diagram at high baryon densities.
Findings
Quarkyonic Matter is confined despite high density.
It exists at large $N_c$ and high baryon chemical potential.
The phase diagram features a 'Happy Island' of this new phase.
Abstract
I discuss the phase diagram for QCD in the baryon chemical potential and temperature plane. I argue that there is a new phase of matter different from the deconfined Quark Gluon Plasma: Quarkyonic Matter. Quarkyonic Matter is confined and exists at densities parametrically large compared to the QCD scale, when the number of quark colors, is large. I motivate the possibility that Quarkyonic Matter is in an inhomogeneous phase, and is surrounded by lines of phase transitions, making a Happy Island in the -T plane. I conjecture about the geography of Happy Island.
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