X-ray emission from protostellar jet HH 154: the first evidence of a diamond shock?

TL;DR

This study combines long-term X-ray observations and hydrodynamic modeling to demonstrate that a stationary diamond shock at the jet nozzle explains the X-ray emission from protostellar jet HH 154.

Contribution

It provides the first evidence that a diamond shock at the jet nozzle can produce X-ray emission consistent with observations, advancing understanding of jet shock mechanisms.

Findings

X-ray emission from HH 154 includes a stationary and an elongated component.

Hydrodynamic models show a diamond shock at the jet nozzle reproduces observed X-ray features.

The stationary shock's luminosity and spectrum match observations, supporting the diamond shock hypothesis.

Abstract

X-ray emission from about ten protostellar jets has been discovered and it appears as a feature common to the most energetic jets. Although X-ray emission seems to originate from shocks internal to jets, the mechanism forming these shocks remains controversial. One of the best studied X-ray jet is HH 154 that has been observed by Chandra over a time base of about 10 years. We analyze the Chandra observations of HH 154 by investigating the evolution of its X-ray source. We show that the X-ray emission consists of a bright stationary component and a faint elongated component. We interpret the observations by developing a hydrodynamic model describing a protostellar jet originating from a nozzle and compare the X-ray emission synthesized from the model with the X-ray observations. The model takes into account the thermal conduction and radiative losses and shows that the jet/nozzle leads to the formation of a diamond shock at the nozzle exit. The shock is stationary over the period covered by our simulations and generates an X-ray source with luminosity and spectral characteristics in excellent agreement with the observations. We conclude that the X-ray emission from HH 154 is consistent with a diamond shock originating from a nozzle through which the jet is launched into the ambient medium. We suggest that the physical origin of the nozzle could be related to the dense gas in which the HH 154 driving source is embedded and/or to the magnetic field at the jet launching/collimation region.