Effect of the Earth's time-retarded transverse gravitational field on the motion of the Moon

TL;DR

This paper introduces a causal, time-retarded gravitational theory for rotating bodies that explains both the NASA flyby anomaly and the Moon's orbital speed decrease, addressing causality issues in classical gravity.

Contribution

It develops a causal Newtonian gravitational model incorporating time-retardation for rotating spheres, uniquely explaining two observed gravitational anomalies.

Findings

Explains the NASA flyby anomaly accurately.

Accounts for the Moon's orbital speed decrease.

Addresses causality in gravitational theory.

Abstract

Classical Newtonian gravitational theory does not satisfy the causality principle because it is based on instantaneous action-at-a-distance. A causal version of Newtonian theory for a large rotating sphere is derived herein by time-retarding the distance between interior circulating point-mass sources and an exterior field-point. The resulting causal theory explains exactly the flyby anomaly reported by NASA scientists in 2008. It also explains exactly an anomalous decrease in the Moon's orbital speed. No other known theory can make both of these claims.