Spacetime averaging of exotic singularity universes

TL;DR

This paper uses spacetime averaging to compare the strength of various exotic cosmological singularities, revealing that big-rips are the strongest, while some other singularities have finite or infinite averages indicating different strengths.

Contribution

It introduces a spacetime averaging method to quantify the strength of exotic singularities in cosmology, providing a new way to compare their intensities.

Findings

Big-rips have infinite spacetime averages, making them the strongest singularities.

Big-bangs have zero spacetime averages, indicating they are weaker.

Some sudden and w-singularities have finite averages, showing intermediate strength.

Abstract

Taking a spacetime average as a measure of the strength of singularities we show that big-rips (type I) are stronger than big-bangs. The former have infinite spacetime averages while the latter have them equal to zero. The sudden future singularities (type II) and $w-$singularities (type V) have finite spacetime averages. The finite scale factor (type III) singularities for some values of the parameters may have an infinite average and in that sense they may be considered stronger than big-bangs.