A New Diagnostic of Active Galactic Nuclei: Revealing Highly-Absorbed Systems at Redshift>0.3

TL;DR

This paper introduces the Mass-Excitation (MEx) diagnostic for identifying active galactic nuclei at intermediate redshifts, especially highly-absorbed systems, using optical emission lines and stellar mass, validated against X-ray data.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel probabilistic diagnostic method combining [OIII]/Hbeta and stellar mass to identify AGN at z>0.3, effective without near-infrared spectroscopy.

Findings

Successfully identified Compton-thick AGN candidates.

Validated the MEx diagram against X-ray classifications.

Found that host galaxy absorption significantly contributes to AGN obscuration.

Abstract

We introduce the Mass-Excitation (MEx) diagnostic to identify active galactic nuclei (AGN) in galaxies at intermediate redshift. In the absence of near-infrared spectroscopy, necessary to use traditional nebular line diagrams at z>0.4, we demonstrate that combining [OIII]5007/Hbeta and stellar mass successfully distinguishes between star formation and AGN emission. The MEx classification scheme relies on a novel probabilistic approach splitting galaxies into sub-categories with more confidence than alternative high-z diagnostic diagrams. It recognizes that galaxies near empirical boundaries on traditional diagrams have an uncertain classification and thus a non-zero probability of belonging to more than one category. An outcome of this work is a system of statistical weights that can be used to compute global properties of galaxy samples. We apply the MEx diagram to 2,812 galaxies at 0.3<z<1 in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North and Extended Groth Strip fields, and compare it to an independent X-ray classification scheme. We identify Compton-thick AGN candidates with large X-ray absorption, which we infer from the luminosity ratio between hard X-ray emission and [OIII]5007, a nearly isotropic tracer of AGN. X-ray stacking of sources that were not detected individually supports the validity of the MEx diagram and yields a very flat spectral slope for the Compton-thick candidates (Gamma~0.4, unambiguously indicating absorbed AGN). We present evidence that composite galaxies, which are difficult to identify with alternative high-redshift diagrams, host the majority of the highly-absorbed AGN. Our findings suggest that the interstellar medium of the host galaxy provides significant absorption in addition to the torus invoked in AGN unified models.