Observational implications of gamma-ray burst afterglow jet simulations and numerical light curve calculations

TL;DR

This paper investigates gamma-ray burst afterglow jets through numerical simulations, revealing how jet dynamics and observer angle influence light curves and energy estimates, emphasizing the importance of detailed modeling.

Contribution

It provides new insights into jet sideways expansion, observer angle effects, and the limitations of spherical models in interpreting GRB afterglow observations.

Findings

Sideways expansion is logarithmic in time for narrow and wide jets.

Jet break is dominated by edge visibility and observer angle.

Spherical models are insufficient for accurate late-time calorimetry.

Abstract

We discuss jet dynamics for narrow and wide gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow jets and the observational implications of numerical simulations of relativistic jets in two dimensions. We confirm earlier numerical results that sideways expansion of relativistic jets during the bulk of the afterglow emission phase is logarithmic in time and find that this also applies to narrow jets with half opening angle of 0.05 radians. As a result, afterglow jets remain highly nonspherical until after they have become nonrelativistic. Although sideways expansion steepens the afterglow light curve after the jet break, the jet edges becoming visible dominates the jet break, which means that the jet break is sensitive to the observer angle even for narrow jets. Failure to take the observer angle into account can lead to an overestimation of the jet energy by up to a factor 4. This weakens the challenge posed to the magneter energy limit by extreme events such as GRB090926A. Late time radio calorimetry based on a spherical nonrelativistic outflow model remains relevant when the observer is approximately on-axis and where differences of a few in flux level between the model and the simulation are acceptable. However, this does not imply sphericity of the outflow and therefore does not translate to high observer angles relevant to orphan afterglows. For more accurate calorimetry and in order to model significant late time features such as the rise of the counterjet, detailed jet simulations remain indispensable.