Episodic mass loss in binary evolution to the Wolf-Rayet phase: Keck and HST proper motions of RY Scuti's nebula

TL;DR

This study uses multi-epoch Keck and HST observations to analyze episodic mass loss in RY Scuti, revealing separate ejection events and suggesting episodic RLOF can produce observable outbursts and influence supernova progenitors.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed proper motion analysis of RY Scuti's nebula, demonstrating episodic mass ejections linked to RLOF in a massive binary.

Findings

Inner ionised rings and outer dust torus ejected in separate events 130 and 250 years ago.

Episodic mass loss during RLOF may cause luminous outbursts similar to LBV eruptions.

RY Scuti's future evolution likely involves becoming a B[e] supergiant before a Type Ib/c supernova.

Abstract

Binary mass transfer via Roche-lobe overflow (RLOF) is a key channel for producing stripped-envelope Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars and may be critical to account for SN Ib/c progenitors. RY Scuti is an extremely rare example of a massive binary star caught in this brief but important phase. Its toroidal nebula indicates equatorial mass loss during RLOF, while the mass-gaining star is apparently embedded in an opaque accretion disk. RY Scuti's toroidal nebula has two components: an inner ionised double-ring system, and an outer dust torus that is twice the size of the ionised rings. We present two epochs of Lband Keck NGS-AO images of the dust torus, plus three epochs of HST images of the ionised gas rings. Proper motions show that the inner ionised rings and the outer dust torus came from two separate ejection events roughly 130 and 250 yr ago. This suggests that RLOF in massive contact binaries can be accompanied by eruptive and episodic burst of mass loss, reminiscent of LBVs. We speculate that the repeating outbursts may arise in the mass gainer from instabilities associated with a high accretion rate. If discrete mass-loss episodes in other RLOF binaries are accompanied by luminous outbursts, they might contribute to the population of extragalactic optical transients. When RLOF ends for RY Scuti, the overluminous mass gainer, currently surrounded by an accretion disk, will probably become a B[e] supergiant and may outshine the hotter mass-donor star that should die as a Type Ib/c supernova.