Highly anisotropic superconducting gap in underdoped Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$

TL;DR

This study measures the London penetration depth in Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$ across various doping levels, revealing a transition from fully gapped to anisotropic and nodal superconducting gaps as doping varies.

Contribution

It provides the first systematic doping-dependent analysis of the superconducting gap anisotropy in Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$ using penetration depth measurements.

Findings

Optimally doped samples show exponential saturation indicating a fully gapped superconductor.

Underdoped samples exhibit non-exponential behavior, suggesting gap anisotropy or nodes.

The gap topology evolves from isotropic to nodal with doping.

Abstract

The in-plane London penetration depth, $\Delta\lambda(T)$, was measured using a tunnel diode resonator in single crystals of Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Fe$_2$As$_2$ for five doping levels $x$ ranging from underdoped, $T_c$=11 K ($x$=0.17), to optimally doped, $T_c=$38 K ($x_\textmd{\scriptsize opt}$= 0.35). In the optimally doped samples, $\Delta\lambda(T)$ shows exponential saturation in $T \to 0$ limit suggesting a fully gapped superconductivity. The lowest-$T_c$ samples show much stronger non-exponential variation of $\Delta\lambda(T)$. Fitting the data to a power-law, $\Delta\lambda(T)= AT^n$, reveals a monotonic decrease of the exponent $n$ with $x$ towards the underdoped edge of the superconducting dome. Comparison with $n \approx 1.2$ reported in KFe$_2$As$_2$ ($T_c$=3.5 K, $x=$ 1), suggests a dome-like variation of $n$ with $x$, implying an evolution of the topology of the superconducting gap from full and isotropic in the center of the dome towards strongly anisotropic and, eventually, nodal at the dome edges.