Multi-Color Coronagraph Experiment in a Vacuum Testbed with a Binary Shaped Pupil Mask

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that a binary-shaped pupil mask coronagraph in a vacuum chamber, combined with PSF subtraction, significantly improves contrast across multiple wavelengths, advancing direct exoplanet imaging capabilities.

Contribution

The paper presents the first multi-band coronagraph experiments using a binary-shaped pupil mask in a vacuum, showing effective contrast enhancement through PSF subtraction.

Findings

Achieved a raw contrast of 2.3x10^-7 and 1.3x10^-9 after PSF subtraction.

Demonstrated multi-band contrast improvements at 650nm, 750nm, 800nm, and 850nm.

Confirmed PSF subtraction significantly enhances contrast in coronagraphic imaging.

Abstract

We conducted a number of multi-band coronagraph experiments using a vacuum chamber and a binary-shaped pupil mask which in principle should work at all wavelengths, in the context of the research and development on a coronagraph to observe extra-solar planets (exoplanets) directly. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that subtraction of Point Spread Function (PSF) and multi-band experiments using a binary-shaped pupil mask coronagraph would help improve the contrast in the observation of exoplanets. A checkerboard mask, a kind of binary-shaped pupil mask, was used. We improved the temperature stability by installing the coronagraph optics in a vacuum chamber, controlling the temperature of the optical bench, and covering the vacuum chamber with thermal insulation layers. We evaluated how much the PSF subtraction contributes to the high contrast observation by subtracting the images obtained through the coronagraph. We also carried out multi- band experiments in order to demonstrate a more realistic observation using Super luminescent Light Emitting Diodes (SLEDs) with center wavelengths of 650nm, 750nm, 800nm and 850nm. A contrast of 2.3x10-7 was obtained for the raw coronagraphic image and a contrast of 1.3x10-9 was achieved after PSF subtraction with a He-Ne laser at 632.8nm wavelength. Thus, the contrast was improved by around two orders of magnitude from the raw contrast by subtracting the PSF. We achieved contrasts of 3.1x10-7, 1.1x10-6, 1.6x10-6 and 2.5x10-6 at the bands of 650nm, 750nm, 800nm and 850nm, respectively, in the multi-band experiments. The results show that contrast within each of the wavelength bands was significantly improved compared with non-coronagraphic optics. We demonstrated PSF subtraction is potentially beneficial for improving contrast of the coronagraph, and this coronagraph produces a significant improvement in contrast with multi-band light sources.