The Structure of Molecular Clouds: III - A link between cloud structure and star formation mode

TL;DR

This study links the structure of molecular clouds, specifically turbulence-driven regimes, to their star formation modes, revealing that compressive turbulence correlates with clustered star formation.

Contribution

It demonstrates that cloud structure analysis can distinguish star formation modes and suggests turbulence forcing mechanisms influence star formation clustering.

Findings

Shallow mass distributions are linked to cluster formation.

Steeper mass distributions are associated with isolated star formation.

Compressively driven turbulence correlates with clustered star formation.

Abstract

We analyse extinction maps of nearby Giant Molecular Clouds to forge a link between driving processes of turbulence and modes of star formation. Our investigation focuses on cloud structure in the column density range above the self shielding threshold of 1mag Av and below the star formation threshold -- the regime in which turbulence is expected to dominate. We identify clouds with shallow mass distributions as cluster forming. Clouds that form stars in a less clustered or isolated mode show a steeper mass distribution. Structure functions prove inadequate to distinguish between clouds of different star formation mode. They may, however, suggest that the turbulence in the average cloud is governed by solenoidal forcing. The same is found using the Delta-variance analysis which also indicates that clouds with a clustered mode of star formation show an enhanced component of compressive driving in the turbulent field. Thus, while star formation occurs in each cloud, independent of the turbulent driving mechanism, compressive forcing appears to be associated with the formation of stellar clusters.