Simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of Young Stellar Objects in NGC 1333 and IC 348

TL;DR

This study presents simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of young stellar objects in NGC 1333 and IC 348, revealing low detection rates and a tendency for some YSOs to deviate from the established Guedel-Benz relation, highlighting the need for more sensitive observations.

Contribution

First simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of YSOs in these clusters, expanding the sample and analyzing their emission properties relative to the Guedel-Benz relation.

Findings

Low radio detection fraction for protostars compared to X-ray

Most YSOs detected in only one band, not both

Some YSOs show higher radio luminosity than predicted by the Guedel-Benz relation

Abstract

Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) and in particular protostars are known to show a variety of high-energy processes. Observations in the X-ray and centimetric radio wavelength ranges are thought to constrain some of these processes, e.g., coronal-type magnetic activity. There is a well-known empirical correlation of radio and X-ray luminosities in active stars, the so-called Guedel-Benz relation. Previous evidence whether YSOs are compatible with this relation remains inconclusive for the earliest evolutionary stages. The main difficulty is that due to the extreme variability of these sources, simultaneous observations are essential. Until now, only few YSOs and only a handful of protostars have been observed simultaneously in the X-ray and radio range. To expand the sample, we have obtained such observations of two young clusters rich in protostars, NGC 1333 and IC 348. While the absolute sensitivity is lower for these regions than for more nearby clusters like CrA, we find that even in deep continuum observations carried out with the NRAO Very Large Array, the radio detection fraction for protostars in these clusters is much lower than the X-ray detection fraction. Very few YSOs are detected in both bands, and we find the radio and X-ray populations among YSOs to be largely distinct. We combine these new results with previous simultaneous Chandra and VLA observations of star-forming regions and find that YSOs with detections in both bands appear to be offset toward higher radio luminosities for given X-ray luminosities when compared to the Guedel-Benz relation, although even in this sensitive dataset most sources are too weak for the radio detections to provide information on the emission processes. The considerably improved sensitivity of the Expanded Very Large Array will provide a better census of the YSO radio population as well as better constraints on the emission mechanisms.