A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1. III. The WC9d binary W239 and implications for massive stellar evolution

TL;DR

This study investigates the binary properties of massive stars in Westerlund 1, revealing a very compact WC binary and suggesting binarity significantly influences the evolutionary pathways of massive stars, including Wolf-Rayet formation.

Contribution

It provides new observational evidence of a short-period WC binary and discusses the implications of binarity on the diverse evolutionary outcomes of massive stars.

Findings

W239 is a very compact WC binary with a 5.05-day orbit.

Presence of a third massive component indicated by near-IR flare.

Binarity causes bifurcation in post-Main Sequence evolution pathways.

Abstract

There is growing evidence that a treatment of binarity amongst OB stars is essential for a full theory of stellar evolution. However the binary properties of massive stars - frequency, mass ratio and orbital separation - are still poorly constrained. In order to address this shortcoming we have undertaken a multiepoch spectroscopic study of the stellar population of the young massive cluster Westerlund 1. In this paper we present an investigation into the nature of the dusty Wolf-Rayet star and candidate binary W239. We determined an orbital period of only 5.05 days - making it one of the most compact WC binaries yet identified - while we interpret a significant near-IR flare between 2004-6 as evidence for a third massive stellar component in the system in a wide eccentric orbit. The presence of a near-IR excess characteristic of hot dust at every epoch is consistent with the expectation that the subset of persistent dust forming WC stars are short period binaries. In conjunction with previous results, the simultaneous presence of both short period Wolf-Rayet binaries and cool hypergiants within Wd 1 provides compelling evidence for a bifurcation in the post-Main Sequence evolution of massive stars due to binarity. Short period O+OB binaries will evolve directly to the Wolf-Rayet phase, either due to an episode of binary mediated mass loss or via chemically homogenous evolution. Conversely, long period binaries and single stars will instead undergo a red loop across the HR diagram via a cool hypergiant phase. Future analysis of the full spectroscopic dataset for Wd 1 will constrain the proportion of massive stars experiencing each pathway; hence quantifying the importance of binarity in massive stellar evolution up to and beyond supernova and the resultant production of relativistic remnants and X-ray binaries. [ABRIDGED]