Bound states of spatial optical dark/gray solitons in nonlocal media

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that multiple dark/gray solitons can form bound states in nonlocal media, revealing their stability properties, degeneracies, and decay behaviors through numerical simulations.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of bound states of multiple dark/gray solitons in nonlocal media and analyzes their stability and decay characteristics.

Findings

Bound states of three or more dark/gray solitons can form in nonlocal media.

Some bound states are stable, while others decay into fundamental solitons.

Degenerate bound states exist with identical conserved quantities but different decay modes.

Abstract

It is shown that three or more dark/gray solitons can form bound states in nonlocal media. More over dark/gray solitons can form bound states in several balance distances. Numerical simulations indicate that some of such bound states are unstable and will decay into a group of fundamental solitons, while others may be stable. There exist degenerate bound states with the same velocity, Hamiltonian, particle numbers and momentum but decaying in different ways and having different lifetimes.