Searching for the 511 keV annihilation line from galactic compact objects with the IBIS gamma ray telescope

TL;DR

This study used the IBIS gamma-ray telescope to create a deep all-sky map at 511 keV, searching for galactic compact objects emitting positron annihilation radiation, but found no point sources, supporting a diffuse annihilation scenario.

Contribution

First deep IBIS 511 keV all-sky map over 5 years, setting upper limits on point source fluxes and constraining the origin of galactic positron annihilation.

Findings

No evidence of 511 keV point sources detected.

Established flux upper limits for potential sources.

Results support a diffuse positron annihilation scenario.

Abstract

The first detection of a gamma ray line with an energy of about 500 keV from the center our Galaxy dates back to the early seventies. Thanks to the astrophysical application of high spectral resolution detectors, it was soon clear that this radiation was due to the 511 keV photons generated by electron-positron annihilation. Even though the physical process are known, the astrophysical origin of this radiation is still a mystery. The spectrometer SPI aboard the INTEGRAL gamma-ray satellite has been used to produce the first all-sky map in light of the 511 keV annihilation, but no direct evidence for 511 keV galactic compact objects has been found [...] We present the first deep IBIS 511 keV all-sky map, obtained by applying standard analysis to about 5 years of data. Possible 511 keV signals are also searched over hour-day-month timescales. The IBIS sensitivity at 511 keV depends on the detector quantum efficiency at this energy and on the background. Both these quantities were estimated in this work. We find no evidence of Galactic 511 keV point sources. With an exposure of 10 Ms in the center of the Galaxy, we estimate a $1.6 \times 10^{-4}\,ph\,cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}$ flux 2 sigma upper limit. A similar limit is given in a wide area in the Galactic center region with similar exposures. The IBIS 511 keV flux upper limits for microquasars and supernova remnants detected in the hard X domain ($E > 20\, keV$) are also reported. Our results are consistent with a diffuse $e^{+}e^{-}$ annihilation scenario. If positrons are generated in compact objects, we expect that a significant fraction of them propagate in the interstellar medium before there are annihilated away from their birth places.