Evidence for a disaggregation of the universe

TL;DR

This paper presents a model-independent analysis of the universe's expansion history, predicting an initial inflation, a period of linear expansion, and a future disaggregation due to a second inflation, based on kinematic parameters.

Contribution

It introduces a differential equation approach using deceleration and Hubble parameters to describe the universe's evolution without relying on specific cosmological models.

Findings

Universe experienced initial inflation followed by linear expansion.

Future disaggregation of the universe predicted around 3 times the current age.

Conditions for universe disaggregation derived from kinematic parameters.

Abstract

Combining the kinematical definitions of the two dimensionless parameters, the deceleration q(x) and the Hubble t0H(x), we get a differential equation (where x = t/t0 is the age of the universe relative to its present value t0). First integration gives the function H(x). The present values of the Hubble parameter H(1) [approximately t0H(1) \approx 1], and the deceleration parameter [approximately q(1)\approx - 0.5], determine the function H(x). A second integration gives the cosmological scale factor a(x). Differentiation of a(x) gives the speed of expansion of the universe. The evolution of the universe that results from our approach is: an initial extremely fast exponential expansion (inflation), followed by an almost linear expansion (first decelerated, and later accelerated). For the future, at approximately t \approx 3t0 there is a final exponential expansion, a second inflation that produces a disaggregation of the universe to infinity. We find the necessary and sufficient conditions for this disaggregation to occur. The precise value of the final age is given only with one parameter: the present value of the deceleration parameter q(1) \approx - 0.5]. This emerging picture of the history of the universe represents an important challenge, an opportunity for the immediate research on the Universe. These conclusions have been elaborated without the use of any particular cosmological model of the universe.