Multiwavelength Observations of the Gamma-Ray Blazar PKS 0528+134 in Quiescence

TL;DR

This study presents multiwavelength observations of the blazar PKS 0528+134 during quiescence, revealing flux variability, polarization changes, and a dominant gamma-ray emission component, modeled effectively with a leptonic jet model.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the quiescent state of PKS 0528+134, including polarization behavior, spectral energy distributions, and jet modeling with near-equipartition parameters.

Findings

Optical flux shows rapid variability and spectral softening.

Polarization varies rapidly in optical but remains steady in radio.

Gamma-ray emission dominates the bolometric luminosity even in quiescence.

Abstract

We present multiwavelength observations of the ultraluminous blazar-type radio loud quasar PKS 0528+134 in quiescence during the period July to December 2009. Significant flux variability on a time scale of several hours was found in the optical regime, accompanied by a weak trend of spectral softening with increasing flux. We suggest that this might be the signature of a contribution from the accretion disk at the blue end of the optical spectrum. The optical flux is weakly polarized with rapid variations of the degree and direction of polarization, while the polarization of the 43 GHz radio core remains steady. Optical spectropolarimetry suggests a trend of increasing degree of polarization with increasing wavelength, providing additional evidence for an accretion disc contribution towards the blue end of the optical spectrum. We constructed four SEDs indicating that even in the quiescent state, the bolometric luminosity of PKS 0528+134 is dominated by its gamma-ray emission. A leptonic single-zone jet model produced acceptable fits to the SEDs with contributions to the high-energy emission from synchrotron self-Compton radiation and Comptonization of direct accretion disk emission. Fit parameters close to equipartition were obtained. The moderate variability on long time scales implies the existence of on-going particle acceleration, while the observed optical polarization variability seems to point towards a turbulent acceleration process. Turbulent particle acceleration at stationary features along the jet therefore appears to be a viable possibility for the quiescent state of PKS 0528+134.